Depression The Hidden Disorder - 2104 Words

Depression: The Hidden Disorder Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest (Staff, 2015). Many times a doctor will call depression major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it can affect how you think, feel, and can cause a number of other physical and emotional problems (Staff, 2015). For most individuals suffering from depression, they do not feel like getting out of bed most days, you would rather stay there and cry, however if you do find the motivation to get out of bed you may have trouble doing every day activities, and even feel as if life is worth going on (Staff, 2015). How many times have we heard parents tell their son to just â€Å"snap out† of it, or have we told our†¦show more content†¦I am focusing on depression in adolescent boys ranging in age from fifteen to eighteen years old. The reason that I have chosen to do my paper on depression, is that my sixteen year old son has been diagnose d with depression. At first, I just thought that he was a typical boy and having trouble adjusting to the physical and mental changes of life. However, a couple of years passed and he seemed to not be snapping out of it. I never dreamed that he was depressed, because he seemed like a happy young man, most of the time. He was not one that seemed to be â€Å"down in the dumps†, or sad; his symptoms did not seem to be symptoms of depression, or at least the symptoms that I thought went along with depression. He was the one that would be happy and everything okay, then someone could ask him a question or say something to him and he would either start crying or become enraged. I spoke with his doctor about what I was seeing and he is the one that mentioned to me that it could be depression. I felt as if my heart skipped a beat, because I could not believe that my son could have depression. Once, his doctor determined that he was depressed, he then sent us to a therapist fo r therapy for my son. However, he is one that is not willing to open up to strangers, so we hit a road block. So then the doctor put him on medication and it has helped. He will never be cured of depression, but we are on our way of him learning to cope with

Audit Procedures That Can Be Carried Out In the Auditing Process Case Study

Essays on Audit Procedures That Can Be Carried Out In the Auditing Process: Case of Labels 4U Case Study The paper "Audit Procedures That Can Be Carried Out In the Auditing Process: Case of Labels 4U" is a perfect example of a case study on finance and accounting. The report is about the USA based manufacturing company, Labels 4U that manufactures adhesive labels. This report reviews the purchasing process of the company and then provides suggestions for additional auditing procedures that could be carried out to improve the purchasing process so that there are fewer chances of error. It is important for every organization to have a proper auditing procedure so that there are fewer errors and financial statements of representing a true picture about the financial position of the company (Puttick, Taylor and Kritzinger, 101). Audit Procedures That Can Be Carried Out In The Auditing ProcessThe following auditing procedures can be carried out by the auditors while analyzing the order processing system of the company.The auditors first of all need to evaluate the authorized persons and organizational structure along with collecting information about the vendors. Then they need to review the signatures of authorized personnel when orders are placed. Also, the auditors need to identify whether all the transactions have been properly recorded and their supporting documents are present.The auditors need to go through the policies and procedures of the organization and whether the policies of the organization cover all important points. The auditors not only need to review the policies and procedures of the purchasing department but they also need to analyze how different departments are interlinked with the purchasing department and particularly the Accounts Payable department.After auditors have gone through th e policies and procedures, they need to analyze, test and examine some of the documents to ensure that they are appropriate. Auditors can start with the purchase orders (PO) and find out the reasons why purchase orders are still open. Also, they can compare open invoice reports with the POs to identify any error.Next, the auditors could review the expenses and their supporting documents. Also, they need to verify whether these expenses have been approved by authorized persons or not. Auditors also need to check the turnaround time of different types of expenses and try to find out any kind of relationship between expenses.After that auditors need to review the Accounts Payable reconciliations for the last few months and check different procedures as well as supporting documentation. Auditors need to check the orders that have successfully been received and orders that have not been received and examine whether they have been properly recorded. In addition to this, the auditors need to check the name of the suppliers and whether the supplier is included in the list of the company or not.Then the auditors need to check the reporting of the orders and whether relevant people are reported about the new orders or not.Auditors also need to examine whether there is any blank or duplication present in the amount, transaction, purchase order number, vendor number, etc.The purchasing process of Labels 4U can be improved if there is more check and balance while the placement of orders as well as while invoices are being forwarded. It is important to have proper auditing procedures so that there are fewer errors and frauds in the order processing system and thus financial statements of the company would reflect the better and more accurate financial position of the company. It is important for auditors to review, analyze and test carefully the purchasing procedure to have a better and more efficient system.

Spongebob Free Essays

1. Sloth-Patrick Sloth is the sin of laziness, or unwillingess to act. Obviously this is Patrick. We will write a custom essay sample on Spongebob or any similar topic only for you Order Now He lays under a rock all the time and doesn’t really do anything. In fact in the episode â€Å"Big Pink Loser† he got an award for doing nothing the longest. 2. Wrath-Squidward Wrath involves feelings of hatred and anger. Squidward hates his life, usually hates SpongeBob, and is pretty much angry most of the time. 3. Greed-Mr. Krabs Obviously Mr. Krabs is greedy and desires money. How could Greed not be Krabs? He actually sang about the power of greed in â€Å"Selling Out†. 4. Envy-Plankton Plankton is envious of Mr. Krabs because The Krusty Krab is a success while The Chum Bucket is a failure. His envy drives him to try to steal the Krabby Patty secret formula. 5. Glutony-Gary I actually think this one is pretty funny. Did you ever notice the running gag in Spongebob where they say â€Å"don’t forget to feed Gary† or Sponge says â€Å"I gotta go feed Gary†. Gary even ran away that time when SpongeBob forgot to feed him. Glutony usually refers to the overindulgence of food so I’m guessing this one fits him pretty well. 6. Pride-Sandy Sandy takes a lot of pride in who she is and where she comes from. She takes pride in the fact that she is from Texas and likes to let everyone know it. She also takes pride in the fact that she is a mammal and a land creature, like in the episode â€Å"Pressure† where she tried to prove land critters were better than sea critters. 7. Lust-SpongeBob Ok, I know what your thinking. It does seem a little weird and curious at first but I have given it a lot of thought. Lust in one definition is â€Å"excessive love of others†. I think this one works best for Spongebob. He shows his love of others with his overeagerness to do good and help people. If anything is true about SpongeBob its that he loves everyone around him, even if they don’t exactly love him back. 1. Greed (Mr. Krabs) – this is by far the most obvious comparison that can be made. The avarice of Eugene Krabs is made painfully clear throughout the series. He is constantly thinking of ways to turn a profit, even if it involves taking advantage of his friends or putting them in harmful situations! In one episode, he sings a song called â€Å"If I Could Talk to Money†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and there’s even a wiki page devoted to compiling all of his greedy plans! 2. Envy (Plankton) – another no brainer. With all of Krabs’ wealth and good fortune, there has been an equal amount of hard luck and failure for his archrival, Sheldon Plankton. Plankton owns a struggling restaurant called â€Å"The Chum Bucket† and is consumed with the desire to achieve the success of his adversary. His life’s goal is to steal the Krabby Patty formula from his Krabs and drive his primary competitor out of business. 3. Sloth (Patrick) – the guy lives under a rock for crying out loud! If that isn’t enough to convince you, in the episode â€Å"Big Pink Loser†Patrick is given an award for ‘doing absolutely nothing longer than anyone else’. He then proceeds go back under his rock to protect his title. 4. Pride (Sandy) – the fact that Sandy Cheeks is from Texas alone should almost suffice for this one. She is a squirrel that is very proud of her heritage, so much so that in one episode she nearly moved back home! Sandy also takes a great deal of satisfaction in being the only land critter living down in Bikini Bottom among all the fishy folk. Though generally a good-natured individual, Sandy is quick to spout off about the greatness of the Lone Star state or to show off her athleticism in a karate match or a weightlifting contest. . Wrath (Squidward) – Squidward Tentacles has no qualms about expressing his negative outlook on life, whether it be by describing how much he hates his job at the Krusty Krab or through outward disdain for his two obnoxious neighbors. He is portrayed as a general failure who refuses to acknowledge his own personal flaws. This constant self-denial manifests itself in a sarcastic s ense of humor and resentment toward the society that doesn’t ‘appreciate’ his creativity and clarinet†¦ erm†¦ †skills†. 6. Gluttony (Gary) – now this one’s a bit trickier. Those who have watched a great deal of the series will have noticed a number of jokes about Spongebob having to remember to feed his pet snail. To be honest, Gary doesn’t do a whole lot besides eating and meowing, and the meowing is often due to the fact that he is hungry. Once when Spongebob hadn’t fed his pet, Gary is shown eating parts of their couch! In another episode, Gary runs away from home because Spongebob forgot to feed him for a while. Another time when Spongebob had amnesia, Gary ate a year’s supply of snail food and became morbidly obese! This proves beyond a doubt that when left to his own devices, Gary would rather do nothing but eat. 7. Lust (Spongebob) – our final analogy is probably the least apparent because we typically think of ‘lust’ in a sexual sense. However, the alternative definition for lust is simply â€Å"a passionate desire for something†. In this sense of the word, it cannot be denied that our absorbent yellow friend is an extremely lustful creature. Spongebob has a lust for life that is incomparable to most other cartoon characters – he yearns for the affections of both friend and foe alike, is eager to please, and will often stop at nothing to complete a task. How to cite Spongebob, Essay examples

Nursing & Primary Health Care-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe the general Characteristics and relevant Demographic Information of the Clientele. Answer: A substance-use nurse has different attributes. They are independent, engage in multifaceted activities, patient-facing and have a structured approach to the provision of drug-and-substance treatment services (Johnston, 2017). In regard to independence, these nurses can independently provide pain management services and also single-handedly regulate the treatment process of individuals addicted to drugs and substances. Secondly, substance-use nurses are patient-facing as they focus on directly engaging each individual patient in one-on-one teachings on the dangerous effects of drug use and addiction. They thus provide patient-centred care that is tailor-made for the patients and those at risk, knowing well that treatment options vary among persons (Wilkinson et al, 2015). Thirdly, these nurses are multifaceted and therefore able to manage different interacting factors that influence care for substance and drug use addicts. They can work as social workers, handle mental health problem s and also effectively administer medical treatment of cases. Partly as a social worker, a Substance Abuse Nurse plays a role in supporting individuals that have little else than addiction in their lives. Further, a substance-use nurse plays a structured role and thus has a well-planned approach to the treatment of their patients (Roden Jarvis, 2012). Through their structured care, they are able to administer and regulate treatment, teach the public, patients and their families on dangers of drug and substance abuse. Their structured care enables them provide the appropriate physical and/or emotional support to these groups. Primary healthcare involves providing integrated and accessible healthcare services particularly by clinicians that are accountable in addressing numerous personal healthcare needs, creation of sustainable partnership with their patients and further, practicing within the context of both family and the community. Substance abuse nursing meets the threshold to be a role of primary health care as it involves effective treatment of patient's substance use problem and therefore addressing their "personal health care need" as envisaged in primary healthcare requirements (Roden Jarvis, 2012). In line with their attributes, substance-use nurses works within the context of family and the community. This therefore indicates that substance abuse nursing is a role in primary healthcare. A substance-use nurse provides primary healthcare services to individuals, families and the community which are mainly aimed at preventing, managing and controlling drug and substance abuse (Thomas Staiger, 2012). Their clienteles main characteristics include; persons requiring drug-use related psychological counselling; individuals seeking substance use withdrawal and rehabilitation services and further, those that require pharmacotherapy to manage their drug and substance addiction. A case of Victoria state in Australia, a substance abuse nurse serves a clientele of about 40, 000 people annually who are under the states specialist drug, alcohol and other substance use treatment programs(Wilkinson et al, 2015). The nurse can provide these services within the community-based treatment centres. In Victoria the clientele include; the youth-a population that is most vulnerable to dug and substance use; the aboriginal population, whose health outcomes are worse than those of non-indigen ous Australians; all citizens within Victoria that need these services as directed by the Victorian Severe Substance Dependence Treatment Act of 2010 (Thomas, Staiger,2012). According to the Act the states specialist drug, alcohol and other substance use treatment centres should offer compulsory treatment to residents with severe substance dependence. Further, the clientele would include groups and persons that require family and peersupport services to aid their peers in the treatment process. From the clientele characteristics, the most outstanding health issue of concern is the need for culturally appropriate substance-use interventions for the aboriginal Australians. Understanding that culturally competent health care is paramount in reducing gap between the healthcare disparities between the aboriginal and non-indigenous Australians, I determined that cultural competence in substance use nursing for aboriginal communities in Victoria is imperative. A nurse should thus ensure that their services are appropriate and culturally acceptable to the aboriginal community (D'Abbs Chenhall, 2013). Their community and residential based drug-and-substance treatment services must meet the specific healthcare needs of the aboriginal Australians across Victoria. There are several justifications as to why the nurses must take action to ensure that the substance use nursing services provided are culturally appropriate. First, primary healthcare emphasizes that healthcare providers sho uld effectively deliver services which meet cultural, linguistic and social needs of their patients (D'Abbs Chenhall, 2013). Secondly, culturally competent health providers can ensure that there is improvement in the health outcomes and the quality of care of patients within their catchment. Further, culturally competent system of health can also contribute effectively on eliminating racial and/or ethnic disparities in health. Several initiatives are in place within victoria to ensure that the aboriginal communities receive culturally competent substance-use nursing care. The first initiative is aimed at promoting access to alcohol and other substances treatment services for aboriginal residents. The Victoria state government through the Aboriginal Community Controlled Organizations offers accessible aboriginal-specific substance use nursing services (Campbell et al, 2017). These organizations accept referrals which come from in-take services within the catchment areas to enrol them on alcohol and substance treatment services. They also accept direct referrals from different treatment centres to boost accessibility. Aboriginal people also have a choice of utilizing the mainstream services via the existing intake services in different catchments in Victoria. Further, health facilities give first priority to the Aboriginal people in the provision of treatment services for alcohol and other drugs in the state ; ensuring that this group finds maximum access to the services (Johnston, 2017). Accessibility to primary healthcare as promoted in these initiatives agrees with the Ottawa Charters strategies including the one on the need to build healthy public policies. It is evident that the policies guiding the Aboriginal Community Controlled Organizations in Victoria are healthy as they are tailor-made to ensure equity in healthcare for all Australians disregarding their demographic status (Campbell et al, 2017). The initiative also creates a supportive environment for Aboriginal Australians to develop good self-health-seeking behaviour, as envisaged in the second action plan of the Ottawa Charter (Tilford, 2017). This is consideration that they take up these services and own the initiatives under implementation in their areas. The second initiative includes the Bunjilwarra Koori Youth Alcohol and Drug Healing Service. This service is state-wide and it comprises of 12-bed residential rehabilitation and/or healing services specifically meant for young people of age 16-25 years from the Aboriginal communities in Victoria (D'Abbs Chenhall, 2013). The service is conducted by the Victorian Health Service and the Youth Support and Advocacy Service. These services are however supported by the state Aboriginal and non-indigenous health services. Further, the Aboriginal Metropolitan Ice Partnerships, an initiative under Victoria's Ice Action Plan is currently being implemented in four metropolitan parts of the state. It is aimed at helping Aboriginal people in the areas to have improved access to substance use nursing services for those affected by ice and other drugs(Campbell et al, 2017). This is carried out via partnerships of different Aboriginal community Controlled organizations and the mainstream substance a nd drug treatment service providers. The organizations carry out assertive outreach and/or treatment services and help in streamlining accessibility to even more intensive services when necessary. This approach agrees with the Ottawa Charter strategy on the need to re-orient primary healthcare towards illness prevention and promote health (Fry Zask, 2016). By partnering with different institutions, it is clear that this program plays a major role in preventing drug and substance-use negative effects and at the same time promotes the available health care services for Aboriginal Australians to access. A primary healthcare nurse can initiate two responses in order to address the need for a culturally appropriate substance-use nursing for aboriginal Australians. First, a nurse must effectively create a culturally appropriate environment within their areas of jurisdiction as an authority, which will attract Aboriginal people in Victoria to approach him/her for drugs-and-substance-use treatments (Johnston, 2017). The goal of this initiative will be to offer a culturally safe, welcoming and friendly service to the Aboriginal people in different catchment areas in Victoria. The objective of this initiative mainly includes the intention to promote access of treatment services for those at risk and already engaging in substance abuse from the aboriginal communities. This is in regard to the understanding that primary healthcare must meet the health needs of each social group to effectively prevent and control adverse health conditions. Among the strategies to create a culturally safe, fri endly and welcoming environment, nurses should be willing to accept any drug-and-substance user referral cases including self-referrals, direct referrals especially from other facilities and those from intake services in catchment areas (Wilkinson et al, 2015). This will make them Aboriginal people feel accepted and prioritized in regard to the efforts towards improving their health. Another initiative includes carrying out health education of the patients, relatives and the public on drug-and-substance adverse effects. This agrees with the Ottawa Charter strategy on inculcating skills among the people to prevent and/or ameliorate disease conditions (Fry Zask, 2016). The main goal of this strategy will be to ensure that by the end of the teachings, individual aboriginal people visiting the primary healthcare facility will be aware of the dangers of substance use and the approaches to prevent them. The main objective thus includes ensuring that all patients enrolled on substance use treatment therapy are fully informed of their likely health deterioration if they persist on the use of substances (Zimmermann et al, 2012). This will also improve their compliance levels to rehabilitation services and even make them share out the information to other community members. The strategies as borrowed from Strobbe (2013) will include holding brief learning sessions, provid ing learning materials like brochures, and engaging in focus groups to teach visiting aboriginal patients and those at risk from the catchment areas on the dangers and the importance of quitting drugs-and-substance use. References Campbell, M., Hunt, J., Scrimgeour, D., Davey, M., Jones, V. (2017). Contribution of Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services to improving Aboriginal health: an evidence review.Australian Health Review. d'Abbs, P., Chenhall, R. (2013). Spirituality and Religion in Response to Substance Misuse Among Indigenous Australians.Substance Use Misuse,48(12), 1114-1129. Fry, D., Zask, A. (2016). Applying the Ottawa Charter to inform health promotion programme design.Health Promotion International, daw022. Johnston, D. (2017). Cultural Competence Training In Sydney Local Health District Australia.Primary Health Care Open Access,07(02). Kovitwanichkanont, T., Day, C. (2017). Prescription Opioid Misuse and Public Health Approach in Australia.Substance Use Misuse, 1-6. Patouris, E., Scaife, V., Nobes, G. (2016). A behavioral approach to adolescent cannabis use: Accounting for nondeliberative, developmental, and temperamental factors.Journal Of Substance Use,21(5), 506-514. Roden, J., Jarvis, L. (2012). Evaluation of the health promotion activities of Paediatric Nurses: Is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion a Useful Framework?.Contemporary Nurse, 365-403. Strobbe, S. (2013). Addressing substance use in primary care.The Nurse Practitioner,38(10), 45-53. Thomas, A., Staiger, P. (2012). Introducing mental health and substance use screening into a community-based health service in Australia: usefulness and implications for service change.Health Social Care In The Community,20(6), 635-644. Tilford, S. (2017). From the Ottawa Charter 1986 to the Vienna Declaration 2016.International Journal Of Health Promotion And Education,55(3), 173-174. Wilkinson, C., Allsop, S., Dare, J. (2015). Alcohol, ageing and Australia.Drug And Alcohol Review,35(2), 232-235. Zimmermann, A., Lubman, D., Cox, M. (2012). Tobacco, caffeine, alcohol and illicit substance use among consumers of a national community managed mental health service.

Informative Speech on Dreams free essay sample

INTRODUCTION II. (Reveal Topic) A dream is amazing and the way one interprets it depends on who is having the dream. III. (Credibility Statement)I have done a lot of research on the topic of Dream Interpretation and find that it varies from person to person. Some believe that a dream stems from a collaboration of your everyday experiences and past memories. Whereas others believe it is the brains way of getting excess memory out of the brain and that this is crucial for proper brain function. IV. (Relevancy Statement) Dream interpretation is important for everyone because being able to analyze the information in your own dreams can allow you to solve problems in reality. V. (Preview) Today I am going to talk about Dream interpretation. It is important because it allows us to see what a dream is, to find significance in our dreams, and to face our subconscious problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech on Dreams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page BODY I. I’m sure most, if not all of you have experienced what it is like to dream. But what exactly is a dream? To define a dream, we first must define sleep. Sleep is the most important aspect of dreaming, without sleep you cannot dream. 1. There are two specific parts of sleeping. In an an Article called Dreaming by Today’s Dreaming they talk about the two types of sleep. There is Synchronized or Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep where there are little to no reports of dreaming. The second type of sleep is Desynchronized, dreaming or rapid eye movement sleep. This type of sleep causes your eyes to move rapidly, your autonomic nervous system to be activated, and for you to dream. The average person has five cycles of rapid eye movement sleep and dreams are had in intervals of about 90 minutes. What is interesting, is that a dream period usually lasts from 5 to 20 minutes (Dreaming). 2. In an article called Biology of Sleep by Marvin Rosen, he shows a study by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinksky at Stanford University in 1953 that proves that subjects are sleeping while in Rapid Eye movement sleep. They saw that after about an hour of sleep, the subjects eyes would move rapidly back and forth, and the subjects would awaken and tell them they were dreaming. Hence this stage of sleep being called rapid eye movement sleep. (Biology of Sleep) B. Coming from a Biology major I always find it interesting to learn what happens when we are awake and what parts of our brains are active, but it is even more interesting to see what is active when we are asleep and dreaming. 1. In Rosen’s article Biology of sleep he recognizes the parts of the brain that are used during Rapid eye movement sleep. He states, â€Å".. what we see when we dream are modifications of what we see when we are awake. Which suggests that the parts of your brain that are active when you’re awake, are also active when you are dreaming. It has been shown in tests that the visual cortex, the part of the brain responsible for vision, is firing during sleep. Presumably, this is why we have visual imagery in dreams. The only thing that seems to be different is that without being awake there is no perception of time which is why some dreams can seem to last hours, when in reality they are only lasting a few seconds. † (Biology of Sleep). a. In Rosen’s article he shows that not only is the auditory cortex used but the limbic system is also used. The limbic system lies at the innermost edge of the cerebral hemispheres. Part of the limbic system is the hippocampus, which is the key for storing memories. Without the hippocampus short term memories would be lost as if someone forgot to press save on a computer file. b. During Rapid eye movement sleep, certain cells in the brain stem produce a brain wave pattern called Theta Rhythm, which is is necessary for memory processing in the hippocampus. If the body is moving then Theta waves cannot be produced so the body is actually paralyzed when we sleep except for our eyes which do not interfere with Theta waves. When these waves are being produced during Raped Eye Movement sleep, memories are being reprocessed, which is why memories are the content of our dream. 2. The limbic system also includes the amygdala(Amig- Dalah) which is the part of the brain responsible for emotions. In an Article called Scientists Discover Why Dreams Are So Weird they state â€Å"During REM sleep, the mens brains showed the most activity in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that governs emotion. Meanwhile, little activity was seen in the frontal lobes. The frontal lobes help sort out and give meaning to information from the senses. According to the researchers, this unequal activity might explain why dreams can be so intense, yet so illogical. It may also explain why dreams do not seem strange to the dreamer while they are happening† (Scientists Discover Why Dreams Are So Weird). (Without your REM cycle, your limbic system including your hippocampus and amygdala and your visual and auditory cortex’s you wouldn’t be able to have a solid dream. ) TRANSITION: Now that we saw what functions in the brain during a dream we can better understand the significance behind why we dream. II. We must dream for some important reason, well what is that reason? A. There are many theories as to why we dream, however some theories more prevalent than others. 1. Sigmund Freud is a famous psychologist with many different theories about the brain, some of those theories pertain to dreaming. Freud’s theory is a good example behind why we dream and how it is important to our lives. He studied his own dream and his patients dreams and was convinced that dreams â€Å"were a valid method for uncovering repressed thoughts and feelings, disguising the latent content† (Rosen, Marvin). a. There are two things about dream content that was important to Freud. The dream events which he called â€Å"manifest content† and the true meaning of the symbol is â€Å"latent content. † Freud believed that the latent content would camouflage itself using symbols, metaphors, condensation of images, words that combine two or more meanings, and displacement of one image by another. (Rosen, Marvin) b. When Freud would analyze his dreams he found that many symbols were the same in different patients. For example, Kings and Queens stood for the subjects parents. However, he did not want people to think that these symbols always meant the same thing for everyone. Symbols always vary, depending on who is having the dream. (Rosen, Marvin). 2. Other psychologists believe that we dream to un-clutter the brain. They believe that during Rapid eye movement sleep it increases protein synthesis in the central nervous system for the development of memory and learning. ( Pollak, Charles P. , Michael J. Thorpy, and Jan Yager) Like I said before Theta waves are produced while in Rapid Eye movement sleep which is necessary for memories to be stored in the hippocampus. Dreaming occurs at the same time that Theta waves are being produced. In essence, we can assume that dreaming helps to store memories and to learn because they are happening at the same time. B. What do we need to dream? 1. We observed that dreaming could either be to release subconscious thoughts or to un-clutter the brain to help us remember things. But what if someone is blind? The same theories can still be applied, although someone is blind they will dream but they do not have images in their dreams like someone who can see. Instead they have auditory dreams, which is still included in helping to remember things. People who are were blind from a young age are said to still have images in their dreams. Their dreams are helping them remember what they used to be able to see. a. Scientists also did studies on sleeping patients where they would speak to them to see if what they said showed up in their dreams. They would splash water on them, and the would flash bright lights over their eyes. Less than 50% of all their tests showed up in their test subjects dreams. However, they realized that whatever the test subject sees, hears, and feels right before they are asleep they are more likely to dream about that. 2. Then there is emotion which is involved in our dreams. The emotion exhibited in our dreams depends on the gender, and personality of the subject. However, on average men are more likely to have more aggressive dreams that take part outside, while women have dream that are more passive and take part inside. (There is not a hard fact as to why dreams are significant, however they are highly educated guesses. Freud believes that most of the things in our dreams are symbols that metaphorically represent something in our real lives, while other scientists believe dreaming is getting rid of information in order to store new memories. ) TRANSITION: If Freud is correct in that what we see in our dreams has meaning to our lives, then we would be able to face our subconscious problems just by analyzing our dreams. III. How could we face our subconscious problems from reliving a dream? A. Both of these examples are from Rosen’s article â€Å"Theories of dreams and Application in Psychotherapy. † Studies done on patients and their dreams shows us how we can find meaning in our dreams and then fix the problem that it relates too in reality. 1. Freud did a study on a girl named Dora, she was 17 years old and she lived in Vienna. Doras family was wealthy. Her father, who owned a factory, had recently recovered from a serious illness. During this time, the family became friendly with another couple, Mr. and Mrs. K. Mrs. K had nursed Doras father during his illness, and he was very grateful to her. Mrs. K was very kind to Dora and sometimes gave her expensive gifts. Sometimes Dora stayed at their home. Dora related a dream to Freud. She had experienced the same dream four times: â€Å"A house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up. I dressed myself quickly. Mother wanted to stop and save her jewel case, but father said: I will not let myself and my two children be burnt for the sake of your jewel case. We hurried downstairs and as soon as I was outside, I woke up. † When questioned about the dream, Dora reported, Father was having a dispute with mother in the last few days, because she locks the dining room at night. My brothers room, you see, has no separate entrance, but can only be reached through the dining room. Father does not want my brother to be locked in like that at night. He says it will not do; something might happen in the night so that it might be necessary to leave the room. † Dora associated the figure of her father in the dream with an earlier incident, when she had been staying with Mr. and Mrs. K. She awakened one night to find Mr. K standing over her bed. The next night, she found a key and locked her room, but soon after, the key was missing. She believed that Mr. K had taken it and feared that Mr. K would again come into her room. She dressed herself quickly each morning. After several days, she demanded that her father take her home. Dora also recalled an earlier incident at age 14 when Mr. K had kissed her, leaving Dora with a feeling of disgust. Freud saw a connection between Doras statements that she woke up once she got out of the house in her dream. This was an expression of her thought that she would get no sleep until she is out of the house. Another important element in the dream was the jewel case. Dora related an incident in which her father had given her mother an expensive bracelet. Her mother had wanted something different and in anger told her husband to give it to someone else. Dora, who overheard the argument, and craved her fathers attention, would have accepted the bracelet with pleasure. Freud explained the dream to Dora in this way: . . . The meaning of the dream is now becoming clearer. You said to yourself, This man (Mr. K) is persecuting me; he wants to force his way into my room. . . . if anything happens, it will be Fathers fault. . . . For that reason, in the dream, you chose a situation that expresses the opposite—a danger from which your father is saving you. Freud believed that dreams express infantile wishes. In this case, Dora had strong feelings for her father and wanted to give him the love her mother withheld. The wish for her father was even more threatening to Dora than her fear of Mr. K and had to be kept unconscious. Dora was able to confront both Mr. and Mrs. K. Mr. K admitted his misconduct. Mrs. K admitted to having an affair with Doras father. Dora was vindicated. Her family severed relations with the Ks. Doras symptoms disappeared. She was later able to give up her infantile wishes for her father and to marry. (Rosen, Marvin) (I will be summarizing this, I am not going to state this word for word but this is an important example to why Freud’s theory might be correct. † 2. Although Dora’s case is severe this could be the case with many of you, I created a dream in the beginning of the speech referring to a fire that was burning down your room. You could ask yourself how to analyze this situation for yourself? If this was my dream, I could assume that what ever is in my room are stressors in my life and that I would like for them to all go away but I started crying because I know they are simultaneously important to me. But remember that each analyzation varies on who is having the dream is. B. Fritz Perls created the Gestalt theory which in a way is similar to Freud’s theory. He also saw meaning behind what we see in dreams but he believed that we could find the meaning by ourselves. 1. His theory suggests that his patients should act out their dream and they do not need anyone to tell them what it means. He believed if they acted it out for themselves they would better understand the roles of the symbols in their dreams. For example: A woman receiving gestalt therapy reported the following dream in the present tense: I have three monkeys in a cage—one big monkey and two little ones. I feel very attached to these monkeys, although they are creating a lot of chaos in a cage that is divided into three separate spaces. They are fighting with one another. The big monkey is fighting with the little monkey. They are getting out of the cage, and they are clinging onto me. I feel like pushing them away from me. I feel totally overwhelmed by the chaos that they are creating around me. I turn to my mother and tell her that I need help, that I can no longer handle these monkeys because they are driving me crazy. I feel very sad and very tired, and I feel discouraged. I am walking away from the cage thinking that I really love these monkeys, yet I will have to get rid of them. I am telling myself that I am like everyone else. I get pets, and then when things get rough I want to get rid of them. I am trying very hard to find a solution to keeping these monkeys and not allowing them to have such a terrific effect on me. Before I wake up from my dream, I am making the decision to put each monkey in a separate cage, and maybe that is the way to keep them. The therapist asked the client to become each of the parts of her dream, each monkey as well as the cage. She realized that the dream expressed a conflict she was having with her husband and her two children. She recognized that she both loved and resented her family. She needed to have a dialogue with her family and express her conflicting feelings. The family needed to learn to communicate better and try to improve their relationships. No interpretation by the therapist was necessary for the woman to reach these conclusions. (Rosen, Marvin) 2. If you act out each individual part of the dream you can figure out what each part of the dream means. (Whether you have a psychologists giving you the answers or you are acting the dream out yourself, you will be able to find a deeper meaning to most if not all of your dreams. ) CONCLUSION Dream interpretation is important because it allows us to see the historical values behind what a dream is, to find significance in our dreams, and to face our subconscious problems. We have learned that a dream is a natural part of our brains found in the limbic system, that the symbols in our dreams represent different things in our awakened state, and that there are ways to determine the meaning of what we dream about. There will only ever be theories as to why the human body exhibits dreams in the first place, however, they will always be important to figuring out who we are as people. Annotated Bibliography â€Å"Dreaming. † Todays Science. Infobase Learning, Web. 24 Oct. 2013. This is a short article written by a collaboration of people by a company named Today’s Science. Their main goal was to describe the pattern of sleep a human goes through during the night. This cycle is called NREM and REM, non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement. They mostly describe what happens during sleep because without sleeping you could not dream. Dreaming occurs during the rapid eye movement cycle of your sleep which is about 90 minutes into your sleeping cycle. Pollak, Charles P. , Michael J. Thorpy, and Jan Yager. dreams. Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. These authors talked about dreams and how they lead up from history until recent times. They talked about dreams dating from the bible and how they were even important then. They talk about the sleep cycle and how it includes REM and without REM you could not have dreams. They also brought up different scientists theories in which they believed that dreams eliminate unwanted information from the central nervous system. Dreaming may be important in un-cluttering the brain so that new information can be more easily retained in memory. They talk about different types of dreaming such as lucid dreaming, nightmares and night terrors. They also talk a small amount about the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Rosen, Marvin. Biology of Sleep. Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 24 Oct 2013. The author Marvin Rosen describes the brain like a computer. He starts off by comparing the human brain to a microchip and that no one actually thinks about what is happening inside the microchips when a computer is working. The same goes for our brains, and no one actually thinks about what is going on while we sleep or while we dream it just happens. He defines sleep, the R. E. M. cycles that happen during and he also talks about a brief history of the study of sleep and dreaming. He explains why we sleep, saying that it is a break time for the brain to review all the information during the wakened state. He also talks about why we dream and that is necessary because provide the brain with stimulation that is required to develop and preserve the brains nerve pathways. This theory is supported by the fact that infants, whose brains are rapidly developing, spend most of their time in REM sleep. Rosen, Marvin. Theories of dreams and application in psychotherapy. Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. The author, Marvin Rosen, elaborately describes the sleep cycle in order for the reader to understand the concept of the Dream. He uses various examples from different psychologists including Sigmund Freud, Fritz Perls, and Carl Jung. Each of these men had a different standpoint on Dream analysis and the way the brain works to compute a dream. Freud believed that there was deeper, metaphorical meanings to the images and sounds in your dreams, Perls believed that there was also meaning except that dreams were basic enough for most everyone to understand the underlying meaning, and Jung believed that the images in dreams were passed down from generations through the nervous system. â€Å"Scientists Discover Why Dreams Are So Weird. † Todays Science. Infobase Learning, Mar. 1998. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. This article focuses on the emotions behind a dream. It says the the emotions you experience in the day you also experience in your dream because the limbic system is involved. The limbic system is the part of your brain that deals with emotions, and it is also the part of the brain that largely contributes to dreaming which is why your emotions pertain to your dreams. Other scientists in this article believe that dreams have no psychological significance and are merely the by product of our brains getting rid of excess information from our days.

Black Feminism Research Paper Example

Black Feminism Research Paper Example Black Feminism Paper Black Feminism Paper The theme of this essay will look at black feminist perspectives on gender, firstly from this perspective a black womens experience provides stimulation of the feminist awareness. Black feminism writings highlights the importance of aspects of the past, which inform the current issues facing black women. The writings of American black feminists emphasise the influence of the powerful legacy of slavery, segregation and the civil rights movement on gender inequalities in the black community. They point out that early black groups of women at the early part of the century supported the campaign for womens rights, but realised that the question of race needed recognition. Black women have always suffered from discriminated based on their skin colour and gender. In recent years, black women have not been central to the womens liberation movement, taking control of their identities much less, than of concepts of their race. The oppression of black women is visible in different locations compared to that of white women. Black feminism argues, therefore, that any theory of gender equality, which does not consider racism, should not claim to explain black womens oppression adequately. Class dimensions are another factor, which needed acknowledgement, particularly, in the case of the black women, also black women in the labour market, which will be touched upon further in the essay. Some black feminists have understood the strength of black feminist theory to be the focus on the relationship between race, class, and gender concerns, (Anthony Giddens 2001:118). A major division in western Black feminism thought, particularly for the British context, is that between the language and politics of the United States and Britain; for the principle of United States politics, Black is a term referring to the African-American population. In Britain, Black is a political category often describing Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans, with often a wider inclusion of non-white people. The changing meanings of Black as a racial, cultural, national, or political term, has implications for the development and meanings of Black feminisms. The relationship between the terms Black and feminism allows for sustained critique, both of the feminist movement and identities, and of Black politics, (Kadiatu Kanneh 1998: 86,87). Beverly Guy Shefell a feminist writer argues that black womens experiences in both racial and gender oppression resulted in needs and problems separate from white women and black men and that black women must struggle for equality as both women and African Americans, (www. hsph. harvard. edu/organisation/healthnet/woc/feminism/collins2html). The black womens critique of history has not only involved them coming to terms with absences, black women have also been annoyed by the ways in which it has made black women visible. History has constructed their sexuality and femininity as deviating from those qualities with which white women, as prize objects of the western world, were bestowed. Black feminist have forever demanded that the persistence of racism receive acknowledgement as an arrangement feature of their relationships with white women.

Summary of the documentary film ( Control Room ) Essay

Summary of the documentary film ( Control Room ) - Essay Example Rushing who works as a press officer for CENTCOM, a correspondent of NBC, CNN, BBC, journalist from the Syrian region and Al Jazeera (Noujaim, 2004). The documentary shows the various opinions proposed by the journalists of Al Jazeera which is a Qatar based news television network. The documentary shows that the Secretary of Defense of US named Donald Rumsfeld participates in various public conferences claiming that Al Jazeera was not showing the true picture of the war on Iraq and was propagating against US. On the other hand the documentary shows that the information minister of Iraq claims that the news channel Al Jazeera is working with US and is propagating against Iraq and is not portraying what is really taking place in Iraq. On the other hand the correspondent of CENTCOM makes accusations that the Qatar based news television channel is biased and is showing only the negative actions of US and the number of people killed in Iraq, later in the documentary he states that the US based news network named Fox News is even doing a similar biased job by carefully selecting the material before airing it on their channel and he poi nts out the more important points that both the Qatar based and US based television networks have not shown. The documentary mainly tries to portray the role that Qatar based news network has played in changing the society of Arab. The senior producer of the Qatar based channel named Samir Khader states that the channel is working with the aim of shaking the infrastructure of the society of Arab which is quite rigid in nature. He states that the channel is trying to change the society of Arab which lacks in different parts of life such as technology, culture as the society does not tolerate perceptions and cultures of other societies. Throughout the documentary the film maker shows that the media is biased, she portrays this message by showing the Rushing is mourning that the channel Al Jazeera is working in a biased manner. Rushing